Using Personal Letter to Enhance Students’ Competence in Writing

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

It has been generally believed that writing in English means the ability to express idea, feeling, opinion, imagination, and knowledge into written form more freely. Although it seems to be more freely, in fact, writing process is still considered as one language skill that is most difficult to perform. Many complicated requirements should be included to produce good writing result. A writer must master such an enough vocabulary even though synonym or antonym of the word to express good and understandable thought or idea. Furthermore, as we know that some words or vocabularies have different meaning when they used in different occasion.

Writing can also be stated as how to arrange the symbol, that is letter or combination of letters that related to the sound when people speak, according to certain convention into words form, and word has to

be arranged into sentence form. It is logical due to that writing is one of the communication tools. Most communication is done orally or through spoken way. Although speaking and writing are the same, in terms of communication tools, but they are sharply different. Spoken or oral communication is considered to be easier because the speakers can choose and use words or sentences to express their thought freely. They may be allowed to use sentences informally. In another side, writing communication requires communicant (or writer) to be more bounded. They have to follow the suitable agreed procedures in expressing ideas in order that are understood by the receiver.?????????????????????????????

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Effects of Pre-questioning on the reading comprehension achievement

                                                           CHAPTER I

                                             INTRODUCTION        

1.1  Background of the Study

            Language is one of the most important things in communication and it is used as a toll of communication among the nations in all over the world. As an international language, English is very important and has many interrelationships with various aspects of life owned by human being. In Indonesia, English considered as the first foreign language and taught formally from elementary school up to the university level.

            In English, there are four skills that should be mastered, they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The reading skill became very important in the education field, students need to be exercised and

trained in order to have a good reading skill.

            Reading is also something crucial and indispensable for the students because the success of their study depends on the greater part of their ability to read. If their reading skill is poor they are very likely to fail in their study or at least they will have difficulty in making progress. On the other hand, if they have a good ability in reading, they will have a better chance to succeed in their study.

            In reading, to comprehend the text the readers should be able to manage every part of the text, because it is easy to gain the comprehension in reading when the readers are able to organize the text. Sometimes, they may find form of pre-questioning and it is important for them to comprehend a reading text with having knowledge in general view of the text. Theoretically, pre-questioning itself can build the students’ interest and motivation before students read the whole text. Moreover, the students can predict what will be discussed on the text. In line with this study, students may improve their reading???????/

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THE STUDENTS' ABILITY IN ENGLISH NARRATIVE WRITING

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with research background, problem statement, objective of the research, significance of the research, and scope of the research.

     A.    Background

In Indonesia, English is taught in junior high schools and senior high schools, even in elementary school. Studying English is not a new thing for students of junior high schools. Although English is not a new thing for senior high school students, in fact, they still have many difficulties in studying English. As we know that English is not the Indonesian native language. It is difficult for the students to remember all the words in

English and to understand when someone speaking English.

English has four skills; listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Language skills are defined into productive skill and receptive skill. Productive skills are; speaking and writing, whereas receptive skills are; listening and reading. However, for the students the written one is the most difficult skill of language.  Writing itself as a productive skill is quite important in developing the students’ competence and performance of language.

In all subject in our life or in all profession, the ability to write or to express oneself clearly is essential basic for success (Adelstein and Vipal in Takko; 2009). But, the students in general still find that writing is quite difficult. Consequently, they are lack to mastery it.

Concerning to the problem above, so the teacher must be able to create the subject so that the students able to study writing easily. Besides, the kinds of the text also important in order to make teaching writing successfully. To select appropriate text, the teacher must consider the characteristics of the students, such as motivation, interest, aptitude, learning style, etc., which directly related to the learning process (Karolina; 2006).

Writing process help students become aware of their skill. Creative writing is not only to communicate information but also to make reader cares about the information, makes him tell, experiences, gets under his skin, must be developed by encouraging students to discover who they are and what they have to say (Donald Murray in Takko; 2009).

In case of language teaching, the purpose of teaching writing based on the curriculum is enable the students to summarize the text with grammatical sentences based on the questions given and make a narrative and descriptive paragraph (GBPP BahasaInggris, 1999). However, those purposes are hard to be achieved in writing activities because when the students are assigned to compose narrative and descriptive paragraph, it is regarded as a difficult task for students and most of them will feel unease.

In writing process, the students must have an idea about what they will write and far they know the topic, find the appropriate words to express an idea. One simple way of making writing more meaningful to students is to make students write something elaborate the experience they have. Every experience has the seeds for the????????????

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An Analysis of Speech Acts in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities: A Pragmatics Analysis

                                                                  CHAPTER I
                                                              INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the Study
        Illocutionary act (Austin (1975:5, 116, 121, 139) is an utterance which has "performative" just in case it is issued in the course of the "doing of an action". Furthermore he said that  illocutionary act is an act (1) for the performance of which the speaker must make it clear to some other person that the act is performed, and (2) the performance of which involves the production of what he calls 'conventional consequences' such as  rights, commitments,  and  obligations. Thus, for example, in order to successfully perform a promise the speaker must make clear to speaker’s audience that the act  of  the speaker  is performing  a
promise and in the performance of the act,  speaker will be undertaking an obligation to do the promised
thing; therefore promising is an illocutionary act in the present sense. For example, “I promise to attend your party tonight”. Without using the word “promise”, actually the speaker has made a promise to the hearer
that speaker will do future action that is the speaker attends hearer’s party.
             Bach  and  Harnish  in  Devitt  &  Hanley, (2003:http://www.google.co.id.speechacttheory&source)  stated that  an illocutionary act is an attempt to communicate, which they again analyze as the expressing of an attitude. It means that to show the illocutionary act, the speaker should make a communication to the hearer by language.  As  we know  that language is a means of communication that cannot be separated from human’s life since it  is  used to  interact each  other. As Hartley (1982:11) emphasizes that
language is a means of communication. To communicate by speaking is not a ?????????????

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Improving Reading Comprehension through DRTA (Directed Reading-Thinking Activity) Method

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Human as a social person has to communicate to each other. That is why we need language as a device in communication. There are so many languages in the world, but English by far is the most widely used. English is widely spoken and taught throughout the world. It is extensively used and taught as a second or a foreign language in many countries. Even, this language currently becomes aprimary language of a number of countries.

In Indonesia, English is taught as a foreign language and becomes a compulsory subject focusing from junior high schoolup to university levels. Even now, English has become one of the subjects in primary

school.

English as a compulsory subject requires the four language skills, they are reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Teaching of English, as recommended by the Department of Education and Culture particularly at Junior High School, must cover those skills. The skills should be taught integratedly to enable the students to express ideas, thought, and feelings through speaking and writing, and to get meaning, ideas, thought, even to absorb sciences and technologies through reading and listening. 

Reading is one of the four basic language skills that must be mastered in language learning. It is usually taught in integration with the three other language???????????????

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An Analysis Errors in Sentence Production by Students

                                                                 ABSTRACT

         The existence of English as a new language for Indonesian especially and for the other country generally may encounter various problem whether in pronouncing, intonation, choosing the right words, and so on. It is normal for Indonesian learners to make errors in their learning process since English is a
foreign language not a native language. In learning English, there are still many problems that they face whether in speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Feeling nervous and anxious which lead to an error in speaking can be found not only when a person speaks in front of many people but also when he or she speaks with another person. Those feeling are related to a mental process when people want to produce speech or sentence. There are two kinds to name those mental processes when people saying, namely: hesitation (pauses) and errors. Talking about speech, it is realized that there is relationship between speech and slip of the tongue because slip of the tongue is one of the type of speech errors. This research focuses on
slip of the tongue made by students of MAHESA Institute Pare Kediri.
         This research is designed by using qualitative method. This research is psycholinguistics research because it analyzes the relation between language and human mental especially study of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The data were collected from the utterances produced by students of MAHESA Institute
Pare Kediri. The researcher analyzed the data using the theory of Djarwowidjojo (2003) about speech error. The researcher analyzed the data by recording, transcribing the utterances, coding, classifying, and making conclusion.The results of the study show that 5 types from 6 types of slips of the tongue, they are: semantic error, malapropism, bends, transposition, anticipation, and perseveration. Malapropism was not found in this research. Most of case of slip of the tongue found in this research is semantic error, perseveration, anticipation, blends, and transposition. The common factors that influence slip of the tongue in speaking made by students of MAHESA Institute are nervousness, speak too fast, and confuse in choosing the suitable words

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Quality of the Discourse Developed by the Participants of ‘Java Overland English Debate 2007

                                                                  ABSTRACT

       Language is a meaningful sound. It is used as the medium of conversation. Thus, studying conversation is not only interesting, but also meaningful. Because of  that,  the  researcher  interested  in  studying  that  conversation  through  the discourse analysis. The problem statements that will be answered by this research
are  about  the  quality  of  discourse  that  are  included  the  coherence,  the cohesiveness,  and  the  intertextuality  developed  by  the  participants  in  ‘Java Overland English Debate 2007’.  
         The discourse in this research is a text in on going speaking that consists  of  sentences  expressed  by  the  participants  in  English  debate.  The  elements  that must be required in this discourse are cohesive, coherence, and intertextuality. 
         Then,  the  research  design  of  this  research  is  qualitative  descriptive.  The data  source  of  this 
research  is  taken from  ‘Java  Overland  English Debate  2007’. And  then,  this  research  uses  cassette  and  tape  recorder  as  the  instruments.  The process of data gathering in this research is by recording all of the debate. Then, the  data  analysis  is  started  by  transcribing  the  data  onto  paper  and  followed  by
managing the data. The third process of the analysis is finding the data which one is coherent, cohesive and how about the intertextuality. After that this findings are summarized and finished by making conclusion. 
         From the research process, is found that quality of the discourse developed by the participants of ‘Java Overland English Debate 2007’ has fulfilled all of the criteria  of  good  discourse.  Most  of  them  can  produce  sentences  in  well construction.  The  strength  of  that  discourse  is  in  the  intertextuality.  All  of  the participants  have  a  good  knowledge  about  the  topic.  Their  reasons  or  arguments are  relevant with  other  text  and  that  is  right  base  on  the  reality.  Then  in  the coherence,  each  of  statements  is  interpretable  and  has  relation  with  other statements.  Then  the  weakness  of  that  discourse  is  on  the  cohesiveness.  The participant often make mistake in making sentences, either in the grammaticality  or in using cohesive devices or  coherence, they seldom make mistakes

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