The use of RAFT (Role Audience, Format, Topic) strategy in learning and teaching reading

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

                                                                           

A.    Background

English is an international tool of communication. It is used to communicate with each other by people from different countries all over the world. English plays an important role because it is a tool of communication in all aspects in most of the part of the world, whether in social in interaction, science technology, politics, economics, cultural, and education.

It is intended to enable the students to communicate and express their ideas in English and have a good command in reading comprehend text book and information written in English for the shake of national development in the field of education.

In learning English there are four skills that should be mastered by the students, they are listening,

speaking, reading, and writing. These skills always become the target of the final learning objectives. In other words, the four language skills are the result of a long process of learning; they are the application of the knowledge of language that the learners get during process.

Reading is one important aspect in learning English. Reading itself is complex and complicated process because it involves the internal and external factors of students. The internal factors are everything from the students which can be taught; as a result of an interaction in reading process external factors are all the factors from outside of the students (Nunan, in Ilvirah, 2010:2).

Mc Worther, in Ilvirah (2010:2) says that reading is an active process of identifying important ideas, comparing, evaluating and applying them; therefore in reading paragraph we have to try to comprehend. Without comprehending the paragraph, it will be very difficult to understand what we have read or what the writer means in reading material.

In relation to the condition of the teaching of English reading comprehension faced by secondary school students. The students, who come to English classes, should be given sufficient opportunities to use their knowledge of language.

Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested to observe the RAFT (Role Audience, Format, Topic) strategy in learning and teaching, because it offers students a creative outlet for demonstrating understanding (Santa, 1988:10) it is flexible..................................

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The improving the students' vocabulary achievement through make a match model

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Nowadays, English as an international language has been socialized to all students from secondary school to university in Indonesia since it is brought into curriculum in formal education. In fact, English is also thought in elementary school as an optional subject. It is because English is acceptable worldwide as international communication language. So it is very important for the society in interacting with other people of different countries who might have different mother tongue.

Learning vocabulary is really an important aspect that must get special attention. Vocabularies are like fuels for car of language. Without enough vocabularies the car of language cannot go as far as it must be lack of vocabularies could make the idea unclear and the listener could misunderstand the message sent from

the speaker.     

Therefore, introducing about the vocabulary is need for the students especially in junior high school. Noerzain (2006: 2) revealed that most of pupils face difficulties to understand English text even the simple one, it is caused by the lack of vocabulary mastery. While, Aminah in her research found that the low of vocabulary achievement influenced the students understands in reading comprehension (Aminah in Nurhudah. 2009). Base on the fact that there are still many students are have some problems in learning these skill although they have studied it for a long time. The problem that faced by the students is lack of vocabulary and its complexity. This complexity brings the difficulties to the students who try to master vocabulary.

To achieve or to have a good mastery on the four language skill vocabulary as language component plays a very important role. What to read, speak, listen and write are words of language are termed as vocabulary. Therefore the mastery of vocabulary should always be improved.

Certainly, there are many methods that can help students to enrich and to master the English vocabulary. Realizing the phenomena above, the teacher should find solution in steering an efficient and effective in method in teaching English vocabulary particularly by introducing a new item in enriching students’ vocabulary.

Therefore, teacher should have a good strategy or method in teaching and learning process in the classroom. Not only have the teachers who always give the students the way to do something, but also students has make effort to seek the best way for themselves. The teachers must creative to improve the students’ vocabulary, the teacher must be creating varieties method in teaching English special is vocabulary.

Base on statement above, the writer would like to introduce make a match method that could be used by teachers to improve their teaching vocabulary in teaching English especially and can.................................

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Improvement of the students’ speaking through cue cards (classroom action research)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.   Background

Language as the tool of communication has an important role to reveal an intention to someone else. People will be able to express their thought and feeling by using language. Language, communication and life can not be separated. Language can be applied in many aspects, such as: education, society, politics, economics, and culture. One of the ways in communication is through speaking.

Speaking is one of the important and essential skills that must be practised to communicate orally. By speaking people are able to know what kinds of situations the world. People who have ability in speaking will be better in sending and receiving information or message to another. Speaking is the process of building

and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non verbal symbol in various contexts.

According to Stevick (1982: 103) speaking refers to the gap between linguistic expertise and teaching methodology. Linguistic expertise concerns with language structure and language content. Teaching speaking is not like listening, reading, and writing. It needs habit formation because it is a real communication. The speaking needs to be practiced as often as possible. It is not like writing and reading but speaking must be practiced directly in full expression.

Related to the statements above, the researcher did pre - observation that was done at the eighth year students of SMPN 27 Makassar, the researcher faced many problems in teaching learning English. The crucial problems were the students’ problems in speaking. The problems were; first, the students always did mistakes in grammar and pronunciation aspect. Basically, they only spoke English but they did not pay attention to the sentence structure and correct pronunciation. Second, the students were afraid of making mistake in speaking English. It indicates that the students had limited vocabulary. Third, the students were difficult to speak fluently because they were seldom to practice their English language.

Based on the result interview of the English teacher at the eighth year students of SMPN 27 Makassar in VIII - I stated that the mean score of the students’ achievement in speaking English was very low. It was about 5.5 mean score and the target score that would be achieved was 7.5.

 From the problems above the researcher applied one of teaching techniques. That was an interesting technique and it could improve the student’s speaking ability, namely Cue Card. The technique was designed to create the students’ interest to learn with pleasant method. The core of Cue Card is corporation between groups and shared.

Cue card is introduced as one of the teaching media. Cue card is card with words or picture on, which are used to encourage the students to respond (Harmer, 2001:134). Cue card is interesting due to its simplicity and attractiveness. Besides inexpensive, the process of making it is not quite complicated. A teacher, sometimes, needs creativity to make the cards more attractive. Cue card as the modification  of picture has many advantages, one of  which is that it is clearly visible. Thus, when students are asked to describe something/someone in detail, cue cards can help them to produce the description easily

Based on the statements above, the researcher used cue cards to overcome the students’ problems in speaking. The researcher was interested to apply this technique to teach speaking at the eighth year students of SMPN 27 Makassar in order to improve their ability in speaking.

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improving the students’ reading comprehension through Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategy

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Nowadays, science and technology development demands people to increase their knowledge and experience. One way to increase their knowledge and experience is by reading. Reading is one-step to study effectively. Through this step, it can develop our memory, comprehension, and more knowledge for example when the people study textbook, article, short story, and even a novel. Reading can increase our science and give us knowledge information. Reading is an activity with a purpose. Someone may read for many reasons, for instance to gain information and exiting knowledge, or in order to critique a writer’s ideas or writing style.

Reading is one of the basic communicative skill,  but it has very complex process. It can be said that, reading is a process in which reader finds information given by the writer in the written form. In this case,

reading can be said as an interactive process, checks, and ask questions about what the text is about. Leonard (1961) states that reading involves nothing more than correlating sound image, that is ”spelling” while Robert Karim (1980) defines that reading is as a process instructing the ideas of the authors.

Reading comprehension is not just reading with a loud voice but reading is established to understand the meaning of word, sentences, and paragraph sense relationship among ideas as it is. If a student just reads loudly but can’t understand the content of the text, it means that he fails in comprehending passage. (Simanjuntak 1998:4)

The theory of comprehension assumes that effective understanding is a function of the relationship between present information and active knowledge , and that effective communication therefore depends on the degree to which listener and speakers share a  common semantic “field”.(Buhler,1908). When preparing students for a reading activity, we can help them become aware of relevant prior knowledge, while we judge whether or not that knowledge is sufficient for comprehension of the text. And that point we will be able to make knowledgeable decisions about reading assignments and instruction and related concepts, (Langer, 1981:153)

Most of students in south Sulawesi find difficulties in comprehending a short story for example to identify the character of the actors and the plot of the short story, so that, learning English needs a good strategy for their students, we must try to think whether our strategy, the teachers should understand what the best strategy is suitable or not because it can give a impact to students. All the point of the object must be understood. This orientation is consistent with Buhler’s (1908) “field theory” of comprehension, which assumes that effective understanding is a function of the relationship between present information and active knowledge, and that effective communication therefore depends on the degree to which listeners and speakers share a common semantic “field”.

In teaching learning process we see that most of the teachers just use conventional teaching in the class, so I think if the teachers use a technique to the students in the teaching reading materials it can increase their reading comprehension because with technique the students can be easy to comprehend than without technique. The technique of teaching reading are very important to influence the students in success reading. A technique can help students in reading so in teaching English a teacher must use technique or methods where can help students to comprehends easy what the teacher teach to them.

A strategy that is Listen-Read-Discuss method is one of strategy can be used by the teacher in teaching. A technique can help students because learning strategy for students more effective than without a technique. Because teching by a technique the students more effective in learning. it is suitrable with that Manzo said that the listen-read-discuss method is one teaching strategy for the teacher and learning strategy for the students more active in comprehending material. (Manzo, 1985) 

Based on the explanation above, the research uses L-R-D strategy to overcome the problems. The researcher is interested in applying this ???????????.

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