THE STRATEGIES USED TO SUPPORT ARGUMENTS BY COLLEGE STUDENTS IN SPEECH CONTEST

                                                                          ABSTRACT

        The designation of the study is “The Strategies used to Support Arguments by College Students In Speech Contest”. It is a case study of ESA WEEK speech contest of Central Java level in the year of 2005. Two problems solved in the study. They are (1) what kind of strategies used by the speakers of ESA WEEK
speech contest to support the arguments?, and (2) what are the functions of supporting arguments?. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the strategies used by the speakers of the speech contest in supporting the arguments, and (2) to identify the functions of supporting arguments in the speech.  
          Reference is made to the assumption that to support the arguments, the speakers use certain
strategies. The supporting arguments offered are explanation, analogy or comparison, illustration (detailed example), specific instance, statistics, testimony, and restatement. The assumption would be the speakers mostly use explanation to support the arguments.
          I took ESA WEEK speech contest of Central Java level 2005 as the object of the study. There were three speeches of three best speakers, which were transcribed into text. After transcribing the data, I began to classify, interpret, and describe each function of supporting arguments used by the speakers. 
         I conducted a qualitative method to answer the problems. It was found that the speakers frequently used explanation to support the arguments. It had the biggest magnitude (16 times). Next, the other types-specific instances, statistics, and restatement were used in the balanced amount (4 times). In the meantime,
testimony and analogy had the smallest magnitude (2 times).  It showed that the supporting arguments used by the speakers mostly function to give explanation. It means that the speech delivered by the speakers had the main purpose that was to explain the issues discussed in the speech.
         Finally, four suggestions were  recommended. First, a good speaker should convey the ideas systematically. Second, it is a need to do rehearsal in gaining communication competence. Third, a good speaker is expected to be able to select, combine, and develop the supporting arguments in order to accomplish particular purpose in the speech. Fourth, a good speaker should always encourage
him/herself to acknowledge the latest issues to enrich their acquaintance about the world. The next study recommended is the similar study with other data, an impromptu speech, for example.

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE MOVIE “THE SLEEPING AND BEAUTY”

                                                                         ABSTRACT


            In order language is a means of communication, and it is very important for our life. It offers the speakers an opportunity to speak about anything of their knowledge. We use it to communicate everyday with others for doing social interaction. It means that the language said to be a social characteristic. Language is a sound and word systems used by human to express their thoughts and feelings according to Oxford Advanced Learning Dictionary Pragmatic is consists of several aspects. Pragmatic analysis is a language analysis based on pragmatic views. Analysis of pragmatics try to find  out the speaker’s intentions, whether it would be expressed explicitly or implicitly because is revealing speech in communication. Listening is a
significant aspect within the competence attainment in English speech. Student is  expected gets to understand a several meanings (intrapersonal, ideational, and textual) in various interactions oral text, and particularly in the form of descriptive, narrative, spoof/recount, procedure, report and anecdote.
             Language competences is become one of competence inherent from a language activity, because of central functions in the competence attainment of English language. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing has a central role in English, such as understanding several meanings (intrapersonal, ideational, and
textual) within various interaction oral text and the helping text oral particularly which in the form of descriptive, narrative, spoof/recount, procedure, report and anecdote are needed a competence of good listening in English.
            Based on the assumption of qualitative research method, it leads the write to support her study to conduct the library research. It means that the investigation is based on the data taken from the script that the writer finds from the internet as the main source and then analyze it by using some sources such as books, articles, encyclopedia, etc to support her study. The other source of data that used by the
writer is data from the VCD.  In the discussion, many people may use both their Directive Speech Acts and English to state their opinions, as long as it does not turn out to be an excuse for laziness to practice the target language.

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increase the students’ vocabulary mastery through frontloading

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Teaching English in our country has been developed extensively because English is an international language in the world. Therefore, Indonesian government has brought it as a local since at the elementary school. In teaching English vocabulary as an element or language is considered as the most important factor in increasing the mastered if the students are still lacking of vocabulary. Vocabulary is a part of language learning that need continuing growth and development by both native and non native speakers long after grammar and pronunciation elementary school until senior high Scholl. In language teaching preparation

program in our country, more and attention being given to improve some technique for teaching vocabulary.

Learning vocabulary as a foreign language seems easy but some students feel fear. The teacher of English should find out solution by crating efficient and effective technique of teaching in teaching English vocabulary, besides that, the teachers should establish condition which makes teaching vocabulary possible. The learning will occur within reasonable period of time.

Realizing how important the vocabulary and how difficult students to build up the teachers of English have provided students with rich exciting exercise which are expected to help vocabulary mush be very helpful to improve the students’ ability in English communication. Allen (1997:149) says that vocabulary???????

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the analysis of idiomatic expressions found in Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights

                                                                        ABSTRACT

            This final project is concerned with the analysis of idiomatic expressions found in Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering  Heights. Idiomatic expressions or idioms (both can be used interchangeably) are expressions peculiar to a language, not readily analyzable from their grammatical construction or from the meaning of their constituent words. Idioms are one of the English components that should be well understood by English learners. They  are frequently employed in informal situation, either spoken or written. As some idioms cannot be translated literally, English learners should learn how to get and understand the meaning of those idioms precisely.
          This study was carried out for several objectives, those are (1) to classify the forms of idiomatic expressions found in the novel, (2) to find out the meaning of idiomatic expressions found in the novel, and
(3) to provide the readers with contributions of understanding idiomatic  expressions found in the novel to the
English learning in general. To reach those objectives, I was concerned with the library research as the method of investigation. In this case, I used the novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Bronte as  the primary data, and some reference books dealing with the subject as the secondary ones.
         After analyzing the data, I found that idiomatic expressions, based on their form, can be classified into two categories, the fixed and non-fixed idioms. From the study it was found that among 96 idioms taken as the data, 52 idioms are of the fixed idioms and 44 are of the non-fixed ones. Another classification applied
to those idioms is classification based on the meaning, i.e. transparent or non-transparent idioms. Related tothis classification, I found that 53 idioms are transparent and 43 idioms are not transparent in their meaning. Further, it is also concluded that though idioms are fixed in form, it does not mean that they are transparent in meaning. Both idioms, fixed and non-fixed, may have transparent and non-transparent meaning. 
           Further classification (based on the types of words), can  also be given to those idioms, i.e. idioms beginning with verbs (44), idioms beginning with prepositions (36), idioms beginning with adverbs (6), idioms beginning with adjectives (5), idioms beginning with nouns (2), idioms beginning with pronouns
(2), and idioms beginning with articles (1). By understanding those idioms found in the novel, 4 contributions are given to the English learning. Those are: (1) to have a deeper understanding of the whole story of the novel; (2) to have a more awareness of recognizing the appearance of idioms; (3) to facilitate the learners with vocabulary of English idioms, and (4) to help the learners to make their sentences sound more interesting and varied.

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improve the students’ writing proficiency through collaborative writing

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

           Language is the most important thing for people as a means of communication. It is basically a means of both oral and written communication. People use language to express their ideas and wishes to others’ people such as when they need others help so that close relation among members of the group can be carried. It is important to learn English because it is an international language which is used in many countries over the world and widely used in many sectors such as information, trade, education, etc.

     In Indonesia, English has an important role especially in education. Therefore, English is taught as the first foreign language in all levels of schools and language courses. In school, English has been taught as a local content. Since The Basic Course Outlines of the 2004 Curriculum (2004: 7) in Nurhawaeni states

that the objective of learning English at junior high school as a local content is to develop students' communication ability in the context of school. It means that the students are expected to be able to make simple transactional and interpersonal conversation which is potentially needed to communicate in the context of school. Here, the teacher plays important role since he has to be able to set students interest and motivation in learning English in order to develop students’ ability to communicate using all the resources they have already acquired to interact with others about their needs and interest.

      In this study, the writer will focus on teaching writing in Junior high school considering that in learning language writing is the skill that students acquire in first to write something. Writing is important to support learning English especially in enriching vocabulary and gaining a large portion of their education. Therefore the writer considers that writing can be taught at junior high schools.

There are four skill should be mastered in learning English; speaking, reading, listening and writing. Writing will provide a basis for development of other language skills.?????????

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The Influence of Emily Dickinson’s Life Background on the Concept of Death found in her Poem entitled “ Because I Could Not Stop for Death

                                                                        CHAPTER I
                                                                    INTRODUCTION

1. 1  General Background of the Study
         Everyone has a desire to improve his or her knowledge. One of the activities to increase knowledge is by reading. We will get a lot of information through reading. One of reading materials is literary work, such as poem, novel, short story and drama.   Such literary works mentioned above are the products of creative
compositions of an author. Each of the writers creating a certain literary work owns a different life background. He or she may be a person from high class, middle class or even lower class.
         There is a statement clarifying that the life background of an author will influence the literary work he or she composed. According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren “the main reason of literary work given birth is the composer himself or herself namely an author. That is why the explanation of personality

and the author’s life is the oldest and  established method in the literary work study”. Furthermore, it is also said that biography explains and clarifies the truth composition process of literary work (Rene Wellek &Austin Warren, 1977:82).
         Based on the previous explanation, the writer wants to present to the readers that there is an influence of author’s life background on the literary work he or she created. ?????????????????????????????

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Strategies Used For Idiom Translation in J.K Rowling’s Novel Entitled Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

                                                                               CHAPTER I                                                                    
                                                                            INTRODUCTION


1.1  Background of the Study
       Today in the globalization era, science and technology in the world has grown rapidly in any area of life. Even, we can communicate with others in distance place easily and get nearly all sort of information from all over the world because of the sophisticated technology. To comprehend what has been communicated or informed, we should have good command of the language involved.
         However, every country all over the world has their own language and rules that differ from one to another. It occurs for all elements of languages: grammar, phonology and semantics. To overcome the problem arising from the various languages, translation has a very important role.

        Translation will be very important thing to do if we get much information which is written in foreign language. Translation can open the information that early people knew nothing. Even, translation can omit the partition between countries, and means of cooperation, understanding and peace in the world. In addition, in the modern century people  demand to be able to follow the development of the era.
Along with the growing need of the books from some fields such as science, technology, literature, etc, ourcountry had  been flooded with foreign books, whether they are gifts, donations, or imported goods. Those books varied ?????????????????

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