Teaching Listening Comprehension Through the Application of Top Down and Bottom up processing (penelitian tindakan kelas)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

English is one of the language in the world that has an important role for communication. It has used as an international language in all over the world. It is important for us to learn it. English is a compulsory subject in both public and private school that function as a means of the advancing student in, science, Technology and culture. In Indonesia, English is taught from junior high school up to university. Levels even taught it also taught to some elementary school as an optional subject.

There are four skill taught in English subject namely: Speaking, Writing, Reading and Listening.  Ji Lingzu (2003:3) state that listening there are also two simultaneous and complementary ways of processing a

text. In top down processing, learners rely on their linguistic knowledge to recognize linguistic elements: vowels, consonants, word, sentences to do the construction of meaning.

Teacher often think that learners hear every sounds, or sentences before they understand the general meaning of the passage. However, in practice they often adopt a top-down approach to predict the probable theme and then move to the bottom-up approach to check their understanding.

Top-Down processing strategy is more concerned with the activation of schemata, deriving meaning, global understanding of a text. Bottom-up  processing  typically focuses on sound, word, intonation, grammatical structure and other components of spoken language. (Nunan,P: 1989)   

Top-Down processing utilizes internal, high-level of the acoustic environment and prior knowledge of properties and dependencies of the object in it. This approach is double-called prediction-driven processing, because it is strongly depending on the prediction of an abstracted on internal model and on the prior knowledge of the sound source. (Ellis: 1996). Bottom up processing on the other hand, is text based on which the listener realize on the language in the massage that is the combination of sounds, words and grammar that creates meaning “(Goa,2003: 4). In other word words  bottom up processing refers to driving the meaning of the text based on the incoming language data , sounds, and grammar relationship to meaning.

The purpose of listening and is to inform our selves about something we are interested in or challenge our knowledge on certain master. In other words, we will extend our experience of the world.

Listening as one of the four language skill is a part of oral and receptive skills. This is a very essential component in communication: because we cannot catch someone transmitted to us if  we do not have good listening ability.

Related to the statements above, the researcher did pre- observation that is done at??????????

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reading comprehension through Directed reading activity (classroomaction research)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Now days, science and technology development demands people to increase their knowledge and experience. One way to increase their knowledge and experience is through reading. Reading is the effective way to get information. If someone says the book is the window of the world, we can say that reading is the eye of the world because we can know all the things through reading. Reading is one of the basic skills of English, but it has a very complex process where the reader tries to discover meaning in print page or script. Through reading one can enhance his experiences, develop new concept and increase his thinking or knowledge.

Reading is one of the basic communicative skills of English. It is an important part of English, this is the way of gaining information from written source. Harmer (1991: 68), states that reading is useful for other

purpose; it provides good models for English writing and also provides opportunities to study language. For the reasons it will be important to make the reading activity as effective as possible.

Indonesian curriculum has been putting English as the essential subject to learn from elementary until university, where reading is the one of English skills that the students must be mastered. Besides that in the last examination test of each school level almost 90% are reading test form where the students are asked to find out the information of text. So the teacher has to pay attention for this case or for reading subject even most of the students considered that reading is difficult subject.

Most of reading methods and strategies has been used in the classroom alternately. The result shows that some of the students’ English reading achievement is still far from satisfaction. Hafsah (2005:35) assumes that the students find difficulties in reading such as they do not understand the content of the material, what the text about and also hard to find main idea of paragraph. So the question now is how to make the students interested in learning reading or we can say what the teacher should do to increase the students’ ability in reading especially in identifying information of the text.

Concerning with the problem had by the students above. The writer will try to apply directed reading activity (DRA) in teaching an English reading material in this research. Betts in Jennifer, (2006) Directed reading activity is a?????????????????????

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Increasing The Students’ Ability in Identifying Information of Reading Text trough Collaborative Learning (penelitian tindakan kelas)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Now days, science and technology development demands people to increase their knowledge and experience. One way to increase their knowledge and experience is through reading. Reading is one of the effective ways to gain information. If people say a book is the window of the world, we can say that reading is the eye of the world, because we can identify things through reading. Reading is one of the basic skills of English, but it has a very complex process where the reader tries to discover meaning in print page or script. Through reading one can enhance his experiences, develop new concept and increase his thinking or knowledge.

Reading as one of the basic communicative skills’ of English, reading is an important part of English, as the way of gaining information from written source. Harmer (1991: 68) states that reading is useful for other purpose; it provides good models for English writing and also provides opportunities to study language.

For the reasons it will be important to make the reading activity as effective as possible.

Indonesian curriculum has put English as compulsory subject to learn from elementary until university, where reading is one of English skills that the students must master. Besides that, in the final examination test of each school level almost 90% are reading test form where the students are asked to find out the information of text (Depdiknas, 2009). So the teacher has to pay attention for this case or for reading subject even most of the students considered that reading is difficult subject.

Most of reading methods and strategies has been used in the classroom alternately. The result shows that some the students’ English reading achievement is still far from satisfaction. Hafsah (2005:35) assumes that the students find difficulties in reading such as they do not understand the content of the material, what the text about and also hard to find main idea of paragraph. So the question now is how to make the students are interested in learning reading or we can say what should be teacher done to increase the students ability in reading especially in identifying information of the text.

According to the researcher experience, the problem that faced by the students especially at SMA Negeri 1 Bantimurung is they find difficulties in identifying information of reading text. The researcher considers that????????????????

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improving the students vocabulary mastery through vocabulary network (classroom action research)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background         

Language is a crucial means for human communication. It is used to make an interaction with other people in society and also it is used to express emotion, feeling, and opinion within the language. Vocabulary has an important role in all aspects of language skills. It is the flesh of the language.  Someone can not express his idea without has enough vocabulary.

There are four language skills should be achieved in the study of English as a foreign language. These four language skills are developed from four language components: structure, vocabulary, pronunciations and spelling. In this research the writer’s attention focused on the vocabulary as one of the English component. The vocabulary as one of the elements of language is important to study, because without enough vocabulary

mastery, the ability to communicate and convey can not be established.

Therefore, English teachers must have responsibility to use the material in teaching a foreign language. According to Harmer (1991) at the same time, we must have something to say; we must have meanings that we wish to express, and we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express the meaning.

Allan (1997) argues that vocabulary is an important factor in all language teaching. Besides the sound system and structure the other essential area of language learning is the lexicon, or vocabulary command of the language in order to master the English language, the students have to know the importance of English vocabulary. Many students can not read and understand the text because they do not have a good vocabulary command. This problem appears at the second year students of MAN 1 Makassar in academic year 2009/2010 where the vocabulary mastery of the students is still low (5.20). Eventhough, some techniques and approaches have been employed in teaching vocabulary, but the students’ vocabulary mastery is still low. Therefore, the writer will use vocabulary network as one of techniques in teaching vocabulary. The writer suspects that teaching vocabulary by using vocabulary network is good to improve vocabulary mastery of the students. It can make the students interested in learning English vocabulary.

Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in conducting a class room action research examining the use of vocabulary network????????????

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Improving the Students’ Reading Comprehension Through Think Aloud Strategy (Classroom Action Research)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.      Background

English as a world language plays an important role in the development of science and technology. Many scientific articles or books in general are written in English. That demands those who are involved in any particular field to be able to understand the English written materials to group information and knowledge. English involve four language skills namely, speaking, listening, writing and reading.

Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to one’s spoken language.

Comprehension is the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text. Readers typically make use of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, experience with text and other strategies to help them understand written text. Much of what we know about reading is based on studies.

Reading as one of the language skill is very important in language teaching and learning process but, it is not easy to do. Those skills must be taught integrated as much as possible. The priority of teaching English in school is reading because it can cover three other skills. Reading may be considered as the key to get information from books, magazines, newspaper and brochure. The development of science demands people to read a lot. Many science books written in English and reading skill will aid students to fulfill their need. Habit reading skill can also enrich vocabularies.

The teaching of English is necessary to develop especially in teaching reading comprehension because the techniques of teaching influence the students’ success. Therefore, the teacher of English must select the suitable way, method, and strategy to teach.

Based on  information from an English teacher and observer, result about the students achievement especially in reading English at SMA Tut Wuri Handayani Makassar of the tenth year students in the last semester. That the students’ value average still got 4.0 .  while the standard reading in  curriculum is 6,5. it’s happened  because the teacher is not using especially method in reading is lack, the researcher wants to solve this problem until the students have a good score and achieve the score 7,0-9,0 and as target in reading  English comprehension. Therefore, the writer will give solution about the problem with Predicting Strategy. Predicting strategy is one strategy to use reading comprehension.

Readers must make logical predictions based on information from the text and their prior knowledge. Knowledge of fictional text structures such as characters, setting, problem, resolution, theme or lesson assist students in making predictions. Nonfiction reader aids such as text headings, illustrations, and features such as maps, captions, and tables also help students make logical predictions about what they think they will learn from the reading.

In order to do this successfully, students must activate relevant background knowledge that they possess on the topic. Once students have made a prediction, they have a purpose for reading, to confirm or disprove their prediction. Furthermore, the opportunity has been created for the students to link the new knowledge with the knowledge they already possess. By making predictions, readers are using the following processes: prior knowledge, thinking on a literal and inferential level, adding to their knowledge base, linking efferent and affective thinking processes, making connections, and??????????????????????

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